Study on the issues of organizational structure

Study on the issues of hierarchical structure Issue on hierarchical structure, specifically emergency clinic structure has endured a lot of change in the course of recent decades. The structure speaks to the way of life and target, yet in addition shows and assesses the connection between's people who work inside a medical clinic, in order to encourage the profitability and occupation effectiveness (Madden, Courtney, Montgomery, Nash 2006, p.283). Laschinger, Finegan, and Sharmian (2001, p.60) demonstrate that a sensible authoritative structure has huge effect on advancing work effectiveness in clinic, consequently better human services administrations can be given to patients. Also, it is considerred that the plan of authoritative structure can be to a great extent influenced by various variables, for example, associations vision, crucial, technique (Madden et al. 2006, p.272). Thus, an all around organized social insurance association will encourage self-improvement, in order to upgrade fulfillment on the two patients and work er. 1.2 Thesis Statement A basic examination of the hierarchical structure and the relationship to the strategic vision concerning Concord Repatriation General Hospital in Sydney, Australia. 1.3 Scope This paper will be isolated into three areas, which contain foundation data of the medicinal services office, at that point basically investigate the hierarchical structure in relations to its crucial, to wrap things up, a sound sensible end and suggestion will be evoked by examination. Foundation Information of the Health Care Facility This paper will concentrate on the basic examination of Concord Repatriation General Hospital, which is likewise essentially known as Concord Hospital in Sydney, Australia. Harmony Hospital speaks to not just one of the most predominant clinics with the arrangement of a scope of claim to fame inpatient and outpatient administrations in Sydney, yet in addition an instructive office for offering preparing and position open doors for clinical understudies. In addition, the medical clinic has developed a far reaching framework, which got profoundly increase by Australian Council on Healthcare Standards for giving opportune and magnificent patients care, specifically, Burns Unit assumes a significant job over the states (Concord Repatriation General Hospital (CRGH), 2009). As indicated by Concord Hospital (2008), the joined statement of purpose and vision express that rehearsing clinical greatness, driving in instructing, adding to wellbeing research, reacting to the exceptional needs of Veterans, and changing with the necessities of the network. What's more, this can be accomplished all through dealing with singular patient needs; offering quality types of assistance; advancing solid ways of life; just as esteeming medicinal services groups (CRGH, 2008). In this way, from its hierarchical perspective, the essential or head objective of Concord Hospital is more buyers concentrated, so as to give better social insurance administrations. For instance, a five-year program wrapped up by the clinic in 2006 in with respect to capital works gives help with the extension of care and administrations for patients in a few zones, for example, Aged Care and Rehabilitation, co-finding a few strengths outpatient and inpatient administrations, in order to carry advan tages to the two patients and non-patients (CRGH, 2008). Figure 1 outlines the point by point hierarchical structure of Concord Hospital. It tends to be seen that there are five branches under General Manager, which contain Director of Medicine, Director of Nursing, Director of Corporate and Clinical Support Services, Director Performance and Informatics, just as Demand Management Unit. The Academic and Research lies nearby with the connection of broken line (CRGH, 2008). Figure 1: The detail hierarchical structure of Concord Hospital (CRGH, 2008) Basic ANALYSIS 3. 1 Critical investigate the medical clinic authoritative structure according to its strategic As indicated by Figure 1, the hierarchical structure of Concord Hospital can be treated as line or useful structure, as it groups the same trains together (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter 2006, p.336). It is indicated that the two its crucial, and emergency clinic teams up its structure with strategic bound to reflect positive worker activity (Bart, DeGroote, Bontis, Taggar 2001, p.19). Moreover, this authoritative structure not just hugely shows the way of life and focus of the medical clinic, for example, develop Anzac Research Institution, yet in addition offer an away from of power, which calls attention to the chain of command exists in various offices, in order to most extreme advantages human services administrations to patients and worker (Madden et al. 2006, p.283). 3.2 The points of interest and confinements of the structure for social insurance conveyance Accord Hospital is increasingly founded on an idea of utilitarian structure. Hierarchy of leadership, as an idea of hierarchical structure expresses the authority is created and positioned from upper degree of the clinic to its lower position (Robbins et al. 2006, p.327). As per figure 1, the outline sends the chain of importance from the progressed to bring down level situation, for instance, Director of Nursing to Assistance in Nursing. Fundamentally, this sort of hierarchical structure shows the capacity of streamlining use, it tends to be considerred that this authoritative structure not just limits the repeat of representative and capital, yet additionally builds the effectiveness being used of assets, in order to convey better nature of care to patients in a specific treatment unit. By contraries, it can't be denied that experts or staff can be confined under this structure with constrained data in regards to different offices work. Once more, the lack in return of musings betw een workers may incite the drawback of value in social insurance benefits that gave to patients (University of Western Sydney (UWS)2010, p. 19). 3.3 The key lines of power and duty regarding accomplishing authoritative objectives The key lines of power and obligation in Concord Hospital to be separated into a few subordinates. As indicated by figure 1 (CRGH, 2008), each degree of specialists from upper to bring down level has been nitty gritty represented under various fortes. It is accepted that the authority is commonly gotten from administrative level, and afterward errands are given to representative to finish (Robbins et al. 2006, p.327). As it were, for the individuals who are in more elevated level have overwhelming rights than lower level representative. This hierarchical structure likewise simply clarifies the progressive system of work, and the duty of each level(Madden et al. 2006, p.283). For example, nursing administrator has total position and possesses full obligation in overseeing nursing related stuff. It tends to be believed that approved individual needs to use assets proficiently and viably, in this manner aids accomplish authoritative objectives through allowed lines of power and obligati on (Chandler 2003, p.48). 3.4 The utility of the structure corresponding to the accomplishment of the associations strategic objectives The utility of the structure of an association ought to empower in the accomplishment of hierarchical crucial vision. It separates associations worker into explicit segments, so as to deliver agreeable alteration between one another (Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshal 1995, p. 352). It is clearly that Concord Hospital sets up a full scope of divisions for giving better nature of care to patients. For instance, the Center for Education and Research on Aging (CERA) joins the emergency clinic itself with its encouraging college center around the arrangement of powerful consideration, and better their expectations for everyday comforts among maturing quiet gathering (The University of Sydney, 2010). This in like manner demonstrates the thorough nature of care to be given to a particular gathering of patients so as to empower the emergency clinic missions which are offering quality types of assistance to patients, driving in instructing, adding to wellbeing examination to be practiced (CRGH, 2008) . 3.5 Aspects of the structure which encourage or obstruct execution and expected arrangements Hierarchical structure can be viewed as a powerful device for advancing association between different offices inside an association. Likewise the circulation of obligation between claims to fame in the medical clinic plans to speed the mix of social insurance administrations among persistent (Stoelwinder, Blandford, Perkins 2006, p.319-320). The conventional structure is utilized by Concord Hospital which orders same gatherings of callings into one claim to fame, it tends to be seen that this sort of structure primarily focus on proficient preparing and advancement, at that point better nature of care can be given to persistent. By and by, it is evident that the structure influences the arrangement of productive social insurance administrations, as wellbeing callings are assembled into various offices, which prompts the absence of coordination and correspondence between divisions, in this way bargain on medicinal services to be given to tolerant. While, some blended structures can be considered under this situation, for example, a conventional useful structure blends in with item structure, in order to benefits social insurance callings, yet in addition points out substantially more patient consideration (Stoelwinder et al. 2006, p. 322). 4. End This paper focuses on the basic investigation of hierarchical structure and relationship to crucial vision for Concord Hospital. The clinic is one of the most prevalent medical clinics with the arrangement of a scope of forte inpatient and outpatient administrations in Sydney. Accord Hospital has a joined statement of purpose and vision, and this can be accomplished all through dealing with singular patient needs; offering quality types of assistance; advancing sound ways of life; just as esteeming medicinal services groups. The authoritative structure of Concord Hospital by utilizing line structure shows that its strategic, and clinic teams up its str

Awareness of action discrepancy and action authorship in schizophrenia The WritePass Journal

Attention to activity inconsistency and activity creation in schizophrenia Presentation Attention to activity inconsistency and activity creation in schizophrenia Introduction1. Foundation of the Project:2. Inquiries to be answered:3. Plan of Investigation:3.1. Subjects3.2. Improvements Procedure3.3. Picture Acquisition and Analysis4. Subtleties of Data Analysis:5. Expected Outcomes:6. Subtleties of any troubles that can be foreseen:7. Future reason and Theoretical Implications:References:Related Presentation This examination expands on past research which has explored the familiarity with office in schizophrenia patients with and without fancies of control. People experiencing schizophrenia can show daydreams which cause them to accept that their considerations and activities are in charge of outside powers. In such people, past research has indicated that there is expanded and anomalous action in certain cerebrum territories when contrasted with solid subjects. This fMRI concentrate along these lines researches how these mind zones react in two unique errands: 1) consciousness of activity error, and 2) attention to activity origin. A trial worldview utilized by Farrer et al (2007) will be imitated, utilizing a manual peg expulsion task. It is normal that in solid people and schizophrenics without daydreams of control will show typical movement in the predetermined cerebrum zones in both of the examinations. Nonetheless, schizophrenics with dreams of control will show unusually high acti on in the two investigations, exhibiting a variation from the norm in mind work. Logical Summary (max 200 words): Presently, there is an abundance of research exploring activity initiation in sound people and schizophrenics. These have indicated that the rIPL, explicitly the Ag, and the TPJ in sound subjects and schizophrenics without hallucinations of control demonstrate expanded BOLD signs to the experience of organization (self or other). In any case, it has been discovered that schizophrenics with daydreams of control display hyperactivity in these territories, and are bound to misattribute an activity to themselves or an outside power. An exploratory worldview utilized by Farrer et al (2007) will be repeated, utilizing a manual peg expulsion task †as research is fairly equivocal with regards to mind movement identifying with familiarity with activity inconsistency and attention to activity creation, the two will be isolated into two examinations. It is normal that in the two investigations solid subjects and schizophrenics without fancies of control will show ordinary cerebrum work â⠂¬ rIPL action to distinguishing a postponement in the principal study, and TPJ action to the experience of organization vulnerability. Notwithstanding, the schizophrenics with hallucinations of control in study 1, will show hyperactivity of the rIPL and TPJ BOLD signals because of their apparent uncertainty of activity organization, and study 2, will show comparative outcomes as they misattribute the activity to outside powers more so than different subjects. 1. Foundation of the Project: Separating oneself from others is something we as a whole underestimate and give the self-other differentiation and the wellspring of our recognitions almost no express idea in regular day to day existence. It appears that the self-other differentiation is programmed and works by means of non-cognizant psychological procedures and helps us in day by day social collaborations and circumstances (van sanctum Bos Jeannerod, 2002). Notwithstanding, this capacity isn't obvious and unequivocal in all people as it tends to be weakened to changing degrees in a scope of obsessive and mental issue, for example schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is described by sporadic convictions, practices and encounters. Moreover, patients can ordinarily display side effects which show variations from the norm in self-ascribing their own activities and musings: indications, for example, acoustic or verbal mental trips and daydreams of outsider control would all be able to identify with a feeling of losing origin/office and giving the sentiment of being constrained by outer powers (Mellor, 1970; Spence et al, 1997). Schneider (1995) classed these as the primary position side effects and these were clarified by the people losing their typical capacity to screen their self-produced expectations and activities (Feinberg, 1978; Frith, 1992). Before thinking about where these shortages lie in schizophrenia people, it is imperative to set up how the cerebrum regions of solid subjects work in light of office errands. Practical neuroimaging has permitted the neural relates of engine control to be inspected in extraordinary detail. In solid subjects, familiarity with activity has been related with the correct substandard parietal lobule (rIPL) (Frith et al, 2000; Sirgu et al, 2004). Also, expanded movement has been accounted for in explicitly the privilege precise gyrus (Ag) of the rIPL when sound subjects show a mindfulness that they are not in charge of a specific engine activity (Farrer Frith, 2002; Farrer et al, 2007). Additional proof has discovered that the Ag movement is connected with the level of disparity between the proposed result of the activity and the genuine outcome of the activity (Farrer et al, 2003). Other neuroimaging research has shown that when sound subjects don't feel initiation of an activity or when they detected a disparity among anticipated and real developments, action in the temporo-parietal intersection (TPJ) was expanded (Leube et al, 2003; David et al, 2007; Farrer et al, 2008; Spengler et al, 2009). This proposes the TPJ has a significant job in whether we feel a feeling of origin of an activity or if there is an inconsistency present. The main model which represents the components hidden the feeling of organization is the Predictive Forward Model of engine control (Wolpert et al, 1995; Frith et al, 2000; Haggard, 2005). This model expresses that when an activity is performed, forecasts are made about the tactile development outcomes; this depends on the engine efference duplicate (von Holst Mittelstaedt, 1950). Next, such forecasts are contrasted and genuine tangible input signals which emerge as an outcome of the development and these add to a feeling of organization if no blunder signals are emerge. On the off chance that the correlation falls flat, and blunder signals happen, at that point the activity is experienced as other-created, or as activity disappointment which can be amended without cognizant mindfulness (Slachesky et al, 2001). Presently, thinking about schizophrenia people, dreams of control can involve the conviction that one’s activities are being affected by an outer power/operator (for example an outsider, soul or machine) (Mellor, 1970). At the point when patients with such fancies are contrasted with schizophrenics without fancies of control they show impeded engine execution (Mlakar et al,, 1994; Spence et al, 1997). As of late, neuroimaging examines have permitted engine control and any dysfunctions in the neural connects to be explored. Initially, explore has demonstrated that like solid subjects, schizophrenic patients show expanded action in the rIPL when taking a gander at activity origin; in any case, an alternate example is seen. The unconstrained resting action of the rIPL is essentially higher than that of sound subjects (Spence et al, 1997; Whalley et al, 2004; Jeannerod, 2009; Jardri et al, 2011) and also, this action is ineffectively balanced by an error between anticipated develo pment and real development results (Farrer et al, 2004). This would propose that there is a shortage in the parietal component which could be answerable for the hindered feeling of office found in schizophrenia. According to the TPJ, there have been anatomo-utilitarian changes which have been accounted for in schizophrenia (Torrey, 2007; Wible et al, 2009), and sulcal relocations and volume decreases in this locale were confirm in patients who announced daydreams of control (Maruff et al, 2005; Plaze et al, 2011). Past examinations have not had the option to disambiguate between cerebrum action identified with familiarity with activity error and attention to activity creation in schizophrenic patients. In this manner, the current investigation is going to utilize a slight alteration of Farrer et al (2007) test worldview so as to explain which cerebrum zones are working or working strangely in light of the undertaking. It is muddled explicitly which procedure initiates which previously mentioned mind areas and this can be accomplished by utilizing an exploratory plan which separates the procedures into two separate strategies. Two fMRI studies will be attempted and controls will include: 1) the attention to one’s own activity being steady with the anticipated activity and 2) the experience of being the operator or not being the specialist of an activity (for example initiation/organization). Study 1 will remember delays for visual criticism of activities to control the connection among anticipated and real tactile results of the activity. In this way, cerebrum action can be observed to see when subjects know versus ignorant of these inconsistencies with no bearing on creation. Vulnerability of origin will be acquainted in study 2 with permit the perception of mind movement because of controls of activity initiation. 2. Inquiries to be replied: Will a distinction be found in rIPL and TPJ action of solid subjects, schizophrenics with hallucinations of control and schizophrenics without fancies of control in study 1? Will a distinction be found in rIPL and TPJ movement of solid subjects, schizophrenics with fancies of control and schizophrenics without daydreams of control in study 2? Will there a distinction in mind action between contemplates 1 and 2? 3. Plan of Investigation: 3.1. Subjects As per clinical research rules, after complete portrayal of the investigation, composed educated assent will be acquired from every member. 12 schizophrenics with dreams of control (6 male, 6 female), and 12 schizophrenics without daydreams of control (6 male, 6 female) will be enrolled from London showing emergency clinics, fulfill

Fat Is a Feminism Issue free essay sample

Is Fat a Feminist Issue: Imagine you are strolling down the road; you are a ten years of age thin, lovely young lady. You pass a few people strolling down the road and you energetically state â€Å"hi! † You are neither frightened nor humiliated; rather you are energized and active. You are not stressed over about their thought process you, you are simply being neighborly. Presently envision you are strolling down the road. Your ten years of age, you are not corpulent but rather you are not board skinny.You pass a few people strolling down the road and as opposed to stating howdy you put your head down and walk somewhat quicker wanting to pass them without them saying anything to you like every other person does. Recollections flush to your head â€Å"You are a fat grease, elephant, nobody likes you. † You are humiliated, and frightened. Today’s society squeezes young ladies to be thin and to resemble all these different supermodels that are 100 pounds and undesirable. We will compose a custom article test on Fat Is a Feminism Issue or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Not every person is constructed a similar way and has a similar size bones. Be that as it may, young ladies are urgent for consideration and do whatever they can to get it. From my paper I will discuss how fat is a women's activist issue, how I can identify with it, and why it ought to be halted. As Gerald Graff said in Fat is a Feminist Issue, â€Å"In the United States 50% of ladies are assessed to be overweight. † 50%? There resemble around 160 billion ladies on the planet Cut that into equal parts, 80 billion ladies are overweight? That’s insane. What is viewed as overweight and who gets the chance to settle on the choice whether one is overweight. Such a significant number of folks and even young ladies compel others to shed pounds, or to look a specific way. We are viewed as overweight in the event that we aren’t board thin and you can see our ribs.I, and i’m sure more would reprimand others for the explanation of such a significant number of individuals who are discouraged in light of the fact that they are not thin enough. Rather than taking a gander at what number of calories one is eating we ought to be taking a gander at whether they are grinning while they are eating. Do they genuinely look glad or do they look frightened to eat that, seem as though they are accomplishing something incorrectly. This all can relate back to me since when I was nearly nothing, in grade school I was constantly anorexic looking since I never needed to get prodded like a great deal of greater individuals that went to my school did.Even â€Å"normal† size individuals would get singled out for being excessively fat or eating excessively. I went to lunch each day and getting a water and an apple, occasionally an apple and banana. Also, that is all I would eat. At supper I would eat a great deal on the grounds that my mother constantly made me finish my plate, so I skipped breakfast to compensate for it. I was so thin, and unfortunate looking, yet I recollect that I never got singled out so I couldn't have cared less. At that point when I got the chance to like seventh or eighth grade I began to acknowledge a greater amount of the folks were constraining young ladies to look a specific way. I dated a person who actually mentioned to me what and what I couldn't eat.Looking back I figure he ought to get smacked. Such a large number of young ladies starved there selves since they needed consideration from folks as well. Young ladies would do whatever they needed to get somebody to adore them, regardless of whether it was for somebody they were really not. Young ladies, even young men ought to have the option to communicate for what their identity is. In the event that you are a young lady and somebody discloses to you they won't date you in light of the fact that your jean size, disregard them. They are not in any case justified, despite all the trouble. There will be young ladies who are constantly skinnier than you, some who can not resist and some who resemble that since they starve themselves.I concur with Graff saying that being fat is a women's activist issue in light of the fact that each young lady needs to have the ideal self-perception that distinctive interpersonal organization emits. Like the Kardashians, or Pamela Anderson. Everybody needs to be thin and have all the folks need them and all the young ladies to be envious of them. I feel like any young lady would concede this as well. In some purpose of each young lady life they felt desirous of an alternate young lady, utilized an alternate girl’s self-perception as a symbol to assist them with persisting to seem as though them as an inspiration; As I am one. Once more, being â€Å"fat† shouldn’t be an enormous arrangement except if you are unfortunate and stout.

Family Sway - Literature Essay Samples

When tyrannical governments are in charge of societies, they must eradicate possible threats to their power at all costs in order to remain in power. Underlying dangers to the power of such governments can be as common as the relationship between families in the society, which the authoritative power must take extensive measures to remove. In the book Anthem, Ayn Rand shares the story of Equality 7-2521, a man living in a totalitarian society that separates children from their parents at birth, and prevents all formations of relationships considerably close to familial ties. Despite these conditions, Equality forms relationships that defy the ideas of the government and further assert why tyrannical leaders in power would wish to isolate citizens from forming relationships or familial connections. In the book Anthem, Ayn Rand asserts that a dictatorial leader would enforce an isolated living style in order to instill their laws in citizens from a young age to prevent a decline in zea l for the government and to ultimately inhibit the formation of a sole identity. Initially in the novel, Rand demonstrates how totalitarian societies separate children from their families in order to raise them according to their own principles. More specifically, when Equality 7-2521 was born, he, and all the other children his age, were immediately taken to the Home of Infants and were brought up by Teachers that severely enforced the moralities of the Council. Growing up with the Teachers was difficult for Equality due to his inability to blend with the other children, which resulted in additional punishment for him. He describes, â€Å"we were lashed more often than all the other children† (Rand 22). Equality was lashed more frequently than others due to his inability to lesser himself and behave identical to his peers. The Teachers that raised him were easily able to identify that he was an outlier whose behavior would be problematic to the ideals of their society, so they saw it necessary to reprimand him cruelly. Equality’s frequent lashing d emonstrate how when one’s behavior is being monitored closely, it is easier to identify faults that need to be corrected to adhere to a certain ideal. Later, Equality elaborates on the principles that were instilled on him since he was born. He says, â€Å"’if you are not needed by your brother men, there is no reason for you to burden the earth with your bodies.’ We knew this well, in the years of our childhood†(Rand 22). Equality reflects that he understands and is very familiar with this principle of the Council and Teachers. When he was young, he was consistently reminded that his existence was meaningless if not for the greater good of the society. Through Equality’s thorough understanding of the principles of the Council even at a young age, it demonstrates how when one is raised by an overbearing authority, they receive a solid foundation of the rules and what is expected of them. Later in the book, Ayn Rand shows how dictatorial leaders choose to isolate people from relationships to prevent a decline in fanaticism for the government. More specifically, the preference of relationship that Equality 7-2521 forms with International 4-8818 and Liberty 5-3000poses a threat to the power of the totalitarian society he lives in. When Equality describes his first friendship with International 4-8818, he depicts it negatively and says, â€Å"it is the great Transgression of Preference, to love any among men better than the others, since we must love all men and all men are our friends† (Rand 30). The formation of a relationship is portrayed undesirably by Liberty because he is ordered to have equal love for all members of society. The friendship he has with International 4-8818 is unlawful because the Council is dependent upon identical affection for the members of a society as a whole rather than unbalancing the affection and favoring it towards one person, less ening the power of the government. Through Equality’s preference towards International 4-8818, it is shown how the formation of relationships is undesirable in despotic cultures because it lessens the passions of the people towards the government. Later on, Equality forms a relationship with Liberty 5-3000, and when he is forced to leave the city, she follows him and says we shall follow you wherever you go. If danger threatens you, we shall face it also. If it be death, we shall die with you. You are damned, and we wish to share your damnation(Rand 82). Liberty 5-3000 abandoned the rest of society, and is willing to risk all possible repercussions for her relationship with Equality. The relationship that Equality has formed with Liberty 5-3000 has caused her to prioritize their relationship over the punishments she could receive from the government. When Liberty 5-3000 places greater importance on her relationship with Equality rather than the values of society, it demonstra tes how the affections in a relationship can generate the power to overcome imposed ideas and lessen the prominence of a tyrannous government. Lastly in the novel, Rand shows how individuals are isolated from the formation of relationships and familial ties to inhibit the creation of an identity. In the case of Equality 7-2521, once he has begun to start a family with Liberty 5-3000, he proclaims that he will raise his child will have full awareness of the idea of the self. After Equality learns the concept of having an ego, he promises that he announces the ideals that his future family with Liberty will be built upon. Equality elaborates that his â€Å"son will be raised as a man. He will be taught to say ‘I’ and to bear the pride of it. He will be taught to walk straight and on his own feet. He will be taught reverence for his own spirit†(Rand 100). Equality asserts that his future offspring will have a full understanding of their own ego and will be taught to bear their individuality with pride. Previously, Equality had grown in a society void of families and use of the personal pronoun â€Å"I†, but now that he has developed both, he refuses to let future generations advance without a full appreciation of their own identity. Through Equality’s determination to raise his children to their fullest potential self, it shows how the relationship of a family is capable of setting a standard defying the government and children are able to identify with. Autocratic leaders are likely to implement living styles where people are separated from their families and relationships in order to implant their philosophies in citizens from a young age so that the fanaticism for their rule will last, and to eradicate the possibility of people forming their own identity. When people are taken from their families at a young age they are easily manipulated by people running the government. The government must act with coercion and isolationism to prevent relationships and familial ties from threatening their power. When oppressive totalitarian governments head societies, the citizens may be oppressed and threatened but they hold significant power in their bonds with one another, and are ultimately able to challenge tyrannical authority with relationships.

Childhood Obesity A Problem For Years - 1342 Words

In the United States, childhood obesity has been a problem for years. The increase of the disease is becoming more rapid as time goes by. More than 23 million children and adolescents are being diagnosed with overweight or obesity in the US. Virginia has been ranked 23rd in America with the highest overweight or obesity in children. In Virginia, children ages two to five 16.5% were considered overweight and 15.5% were considered obese. Childhood obesity can cause serious health and physical problems, not only now, in the future if not carefully taken care of before or when it is obvious to the eye. The fact that fast food restaurants are becoming more convenient, lack of physical activity, and parenting methods are some main reasons why†¦show more content†¦Children that are already obese can have high blood pressure or high cholesterol. â€Å"Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease.† (Center for Disease Control, 2015) They also can develop prediabetes; this is a condition when the blood sugar is higher than average, but not high enough to be considered diabetes. Not only health effects but self- esteem issues and being bullied are a major concern, as well. Children who are obese are more than likely to be obese as adults. Adult obesity can lead to heart disease, stroke, multiple cancers, and arthritis. Sometimes genetics has a big factor to do with a child’s physical appearance, steps toward preventing overweight and obesity can be taken. Fast food restaurants have been blamed for years for the obesity rate sky rocketing up. Although I do not ultimately agree that it is the restaurants fault, I do think it is a little ridiculous that a double cheeseburger at McDonald’s costs a dollar, but a salad cost over five dollars. The nutrition value compared from a double cheeseburger and a chicken salad at McDonald’s are pointless. The calories in a chicken salad is 480, and the calories for a double cheeseburger is 437. You might as well just spend less money and consume less calories with a double

Nicholas victor or victim Essay Example For Students

Nicholas: victor or victim? Essay I have read Sredni Vashtar, The Lumber-Room and The Holy War and have noticed that they have many similarities. Religion is a theme in all three stories. In The Holy War the title itself has religious connotations, suggesting a conflict over a very important issue, and the hooting of owls is described as Vespers. In Sredni Vashtar Mrs De Ropps Christianity is contrasted with Conradins fierce and impatient religion, while in The Lumber-Room the aunt exploits Christianity in an attempt to frighten the children into obedience. Saki does not deny life a spiritual dimension, but he does not seem to have doubts about the value of conventional Christianity. Nature often seems a more important force in his short stories. In The Holy War the garden and its animals represent nature. Thirza makes improvements, introducing order, monotony and profit, and is appropriately, killed by a wild swan. In Sredni Vashtar, Conradins only companions are a Houdan hen and a polecat-ferret. Nature also takes revenge in this story, Mrs De Ropp being killed by Sredni Vashtar. In The Lumber-Room, depictions of nature- an embroidered hunting scene on a fire-screen and a book about birds- are important elements in the story. Nature seems to be of particular significance in these stories because it appeals to the imagination of males. In The Holy War, Revil Yealmton regards the house and garden as an earthly paradise and his desired land. Conradins imagination, rampant under the spur of loneliness, converts a simple brown ferret in a hutch into his wonderful god. Nicholass imagination gorges itself on the many objects of delight and interest that he discovers in the lumber-room. Imagination helps the males to endure and gives meaning to their lives. All three stories are based on a single struggle between a male and a female, which the female loses eventually. The Holy War is an exception because the struggle there is between husband and wife. As the story is set in the Edwardian period, it is not surprising that Revil, the husband, gets his own way. The other two stories centre on conflicts between male children and female adults who are not their parents. Despite having authority, resources and privileges, the females are deflated and Saki clearly invites us to enjoy the victories of the male underdogs, Conradin and Nicholas. There are, however, major differences between Nicholas and Conradin. Conradin is ill and has only five years to live. He hates his guardian and is desperately lonely. His only two companions are the polecat-ferret and the Houdan hen. He is used to suffering defeat and definitely does not expect to triumph over his guardian. The ending and victory are a major surprise to him and the reader. Nicholas, on the other hand, is not ill or lonely and does not hate his aunt. Victory is not a matter of life and death to him, but he is bored and mischievous and enjoys outwitting his bossy aunt. He is cleverer and more resourceful and resilient than Conradin. The latter is extremely fortunate to receive victory; the former plans and achieves a deserved victory. Despite Nicholass cunning, he is still an underdog and is victimized by his aunt in many ways. She exploits Christianity in an effort to frighten him into obedience and when this fails she punishes him by excluding him from hastily inverted treats. He is also denied small pleasures such as strawberry jam merely out of spite. More important is the lack of stimulation for Nicholass imagination. The house is dull and bare and the aunt does not realize how important it is for childrens lives to be varied and interesting. If the children behaved perfectly all the time, they would never get a special treat. In some ways, then, Nicholas is a victim, but his aunt has not managed to break his spirit.

Piper Alpha Case Studies Essay Example

Piper Alpha Case Studies Paper Abstract This research report is about the Piper Alpha Disaster that happened in 1988. Being one of the major oil production oil-rig in the UK, the accident that took place more than 20 years ago caught the attention of many, especially those in the field. The happening was largely due to the complacency of the supervisors as well as the safety measures of the management. Using the internet, academic journals and textbooks available, the research was conducted by referring to various sources of information regarding the incident. After the explosion there are many new prevention steps taken in this field of industry as well as new managing system of the offshore regulatory control. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background The Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. It accounted for around ten per cent of the oil and gas production from North Sea at the time. Located about 120 miles north-east of Aberdeen, The platform began production in 1976 first as an oil platform and then later converted to gas production (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). For safety reasons, the modules were organized such that the most dangerous operations were distant from personnel areas such as the accommodation deck, but still this still one of the worst offshore oil disaster to date. 1. 2 The Happening The disaster began with a routine maintenance procedure. On the morning of the 6th of July 1988, a certain backup propane condensate pump in the processing area needed to have its pressure safety valve checked (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Case Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Case Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Case Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The work could not be completed by 1800 and the workers asked for and received permission to leave the rest of the work until the next day. Later in the evening during the next work shift, the primary condensate pump failed. None of those present were aware that a vital part of the machine had been removed and decided to start the backup pump. Gas products escaped from the hole left by the valve. Gas audibly leaked out at high pressure, ignited and exploded, blowing through the firewalls. The fire spread through the damaged firewalls, destroyed some oil lines and soon large quantities of stored oil were burning out of control. About twenty minutes after the initial explosion, at 2220, the fire had spread and become hot enough to weaken and then burst the gas risers from the other platforms. Many jump out of windows into the sea hoping to be picked up by safe boats but only 67 were saved in this fashion. 167 out of 229 people on board were killed, mostly died suffocated on carbon monoxide and fumes in the accommodation area. The generation and utilities module, which included the fireproofed accommodation block, slipped into the sea. The largest part of the platform followed it. The whole accident took place in 22 minutes. 1. 3 Purpose of the Report The purpose of this research is to examine the objectives and structure of the management of the Piper Alpha platform in the North Sea, UK. The operation and industrial processes of the platform will be carefully evaluated and to spot the risk or any areas overlooked that contributed to the accident. To identify the consequences of the accident (e. g. amage and costs) and the improvements in the management systems to prevent such disaster from happening again. 2. Management and Operation 2. 1 Piper Field Oil Platform The Piper Alpha oil production platform was a North Sea oil production platform in the United Kingdom operated by Occidental Petroleum Ltd. It began production in 1976 until 1988 where the disaster sinked the whole platform into the sea. First th e Piper Alpha platform functions as an oil platform and then later converted into gas production. 2. 1. 1 Management Four companies that later transformed into the OPCAL joint venture to obtain n oil exploration license in 1972 that lead them to discover the Piper oil field located north of England, beside Scotland. At the time of the disaster the Piper Oil field was accounted for approximately ten percent of the North Sea oil and gas production. The offshore oil and gas was a very new industry introduced to the United Kingdom very briefly 30 years ago. The naive government was seduced by the very promising reward of the industry, knowing that it’ll be high risk. The management disregarded adherence to certain safety rules. There were regulations, but enforcement was not there. The nation and corporate pride rendered everything in disaster. 2. 1. 2 Structure and Function A large fixed platform, Piper Alpha was situated on the Piper oilfield, approximately 120 miles (193 km) northeast of Aberdeen in 474 feet (144 m) of water, and comprised four modules separated by firewalls. The platform was constructed by McDermott Engineering at Ardersier and UIE at Cherbourg, with the sections united at Ardersier before tow out during 1975, with production commencing in late 1976 (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). The west and east elevation of the topsides of the Piper Alpha platform are as shown in figures 2 and 3. Module A, the wellhead module was considered to be the most hazardous were arranged so to provide a maximum separation with module D, which contain various utilities and also the accommodation deck above. Module comprises of 36 wellhead which is used to control the flow of hydrocarbons and water from the well. Module B is the production where separation of oil and other fluids took place. From there, the oil will also be pumped into the main oil-line for transmission to Flotta. It contained the manifolds, test and main production seperators and the main oil line export pump. Module C contains the gas compression equipment whereby gas from the production seperators will be compressed for export ashore via the main oil line. In the early 1980’s, a gas conservation module had been installed at the 107’ level but at the time of the disaster this module was under maintenance and therefore gas was compressed and processed only in module C. 2. 2 Objectives of the Management Consider the situation prevailing in the North Sea ten minutes prior to the incident, the standard operating climate in the United Kingdom offshore oil and gas industry could be characterized as a mixture of greed, ignorance, complacency and the lack of concern for the danger that the individual faced. Though this has been long recognized, but the conveniently ignored fact was given approval by the government. It excluded the offshore industry from the provision of the Health and Safety at Work Act, and allowed the government safety inspectors under the Department of Energy of watch over it. 3. Industrial Processes . 1 Operation Functions The Piper Alpha production level and deck support level are shown in figures 4 and 5 respectively. The oil platform started production in 1976 with about 250,000 barrels (40,000 m3) of oil per day increasing to 300,000 barrels (48,000 m3). A gas recovery module was installed by 1980. Production declined to 125,000 barrels (19,900 m3) by 1988. The OP CAL also built the Flotta oil terminal on Orkney Island, using the sub-sea pipeline to deliver the processed oil to the terminal. The terminal also acts as a terminal for some other oil platform like the Tartan and Claymore field. One thirty inch (0. 762 m) diameter main oil pipeline ran 128 miles (206 kilometers) from Piper Alpha to Flotta, with a short oil pipeline from the Claymore platform joining it some twenty miles (32 km) to the west. The Tartan field also fed oil to Claymore and then onto the main line to Flotta. Separate 46 cm diameter gas pipelines run from Piper to the Tartan platform and from Piper to the gas compressing platform some 30 miles (48 km) to the northwest. As mentioned in 2. 1. 2 structure and functions, module A, B and C are the main processing and production section. Module D located at the north face/ end of the platform consist of the control room, workshops, electrical power generation, the emergency diesel generator and some switch gear. The accommodation deck is also directly above module D. Module A-D were all separated by firewalls which were not rated for explosion over pressure (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). The firewall between modules C and D was specified for a 6 hours fire rating while those between modules A and B and modules B and C were specified as a fire barrier of 4. 5 hours (see figure 4). At the time of the disaster, the hydrocarbon inventory within the production modules was approximately 80 tonnes, this mainly being located in module B and, in particular, within the two production separators. In addition, there was a further 160 tonnes of diesel located in tanks above module C. The location of the risers on the platform is shown in figure 5. Each pipeline had an emergency shutdown valve located in close proximity to its respective pig trap. Each valve was designed to be closed from the control room and provide a positive isolation of the pipeline from the platform. 4. Causes of the Incident 4. 1 Human Factors A number of human errors were identified to contribute to the severity of the incident including deficient analysis of hazard, deficiencies in permit to work system, inadequate training in this field of industry and emergency response procedure. There was a breakdown of the chain of command and lack of any communication to the platforms crew (Pate-Cornell, 1992). The Cullen report on Piper Alpha was highly critical of the management system in the company. Managers had minimal qualifications, which led to poor practices and ineffective audits. The workers on the platform were also not adequately trained in emergency procedures, and management was not trained to make up the gap and provide good leadership during a crisis situation. Other than that, Occidental Petroleum had regular safety audits of its facilities but they were not performed well. Few, if any, problems were ever brought up, even though there were serious issues with corrosion of deluge system pipes and heads and many other issues. When a major problem was found, it was sometimes just ignored. All these contributed greatly to the disaster. . 2 Design and Process Factors In the control room the monitoring panels were not clearly visible and operators could not tell were the alarms originated from during the explosion. The firewalls on Piper Alpha could have stopped the spread of a fire. They were however not built to withstand an explosion. The initial blast blew the firewalls down, and the subsequent fire spread unimpeded. The disaster would not have occurred if the pump where work was being done had been positively isolated when first detected the problem at night (Pate-Cornell, 1992). Isolation is not achieved by shutting a valve but requires means such as insertion of a slip plate or removal of a pipe section. Moreover, the emergency shutdown and backup valves were not in proper location where it is easily accessible in case of fire. Above all, there was no temporary safe refuge (e. g. a room that could withstand fire and have breathable atmosphere) on the platform to weather disaster of such kind. The escape and evacuation route was also very limited, causing much of the on board workers to die of suffocation. 4. 3 Roots Factors The main factors that cause this terrible incident would largely be blamed on humans. The overall attitude of the United Kingdom government and also the management were complacent and ignorant. There were many issues that were rushed over when delving into this industry, blinded by pride and the offer of high-tech sunrise industry. Regulations and rules set were just for legal purposes only, not really much enforced in the days. OPCAL invested a lot into this new technology. Thinking that so much had been invested and earned, they will obviously spend enough to make sure it won’t just lose everything so easily. There was a grim acceptance among the workforce that if a ? 500 million platform would go up in smoke, there must be 5000 lifeboat or more than enough rubber dingy would save their life. Lifeboat were being guarded by unprepared crew, nobody took the safety aspect seriously (Bull, 2004). The whole industry and project was full of complacency, from the government to the management, to the workers. This killing attitude was reflected in their work procedures, precautions taken and even the building of the structure itself. 5. Consequences of the Effects of the Incident . 1 Health 229 people were on board and 167 were killed, including two men from the standby vessel. Many of those saved were also seriously injured. Other than that, most of the survivors were diagnose of having a long term psychological problems. They were reposted of having psychological and behavioral symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (Pate-Cornell, 1992). 28 of the survivors had difficulty in finding employm ent following the disaster, it appears that offshore employers the Piper Alpha survivors as bringers of bad luck. Family members and friends of the victims were also greatly affected on their psychological and social life. Other than the drawbacks on health, it was also accounted that the Piper Alpha survivors were stronger than before the disaster. They’ve learned to values things more, having a change of perspective and strengthening the family bond they have. 5. 2 Environment and Ecology The impact of the disaster on the environment was notable. Scientist showed that a highly toxic chemical that fell into the North Sea during the explosion would not have been completely burned up. Up to 5. 5tonnes of cooling fluid, polychlorinated bithenyl (PCB) went into to the sea, disrupting the marine life. The chemical was very resistant toward fire and decomposition quickly went into the food chain. Fishes caught in the North Sea were found to be contaminated with the chemical. The burning of the oil and gas on the platform produces great amount of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. These gases could have contributed to the increasing green house effect and also air pollution. There was also oil spilled to the sea during the explosion. These oils contaminated the surrounding beaches, coastal areas and shallow lagoons. Some animals were totally wiped out due to the contaminated water such as the littoral crab. 5. 3 Costs The disaster costs a total insured lost of US$3. 4 billion. This is the worst offshore oil disaster. Not only does OPCAL lost the Piper Alpha platform, but the income that the platform generates every day. At the time of the disaster, the Piper Alpha platform produces 125,000barrels per day. The disaster led to insurance claims of around US$ 1. billion, making it at that time the largest insured man-made catastrophe (Bull, 2004). 6. Improvement and Prevention 6. 1 Design and Process There was a regulatory offshore installation control being implemented. The Offshore Installation Safety Case Regulations, a written document in which a company must demonstrate that an effective safety management (SMS) is in place on a particular offshore insta llation. Fire walls that can withstand explosion must be used instead of the normal fire walls to avoid explosion destroying the structure (Bull, 2004). There should also be protection against and mitigation of fire on the platform itself. Relying on outside assistance like the fire brigade is just too ineffective. The disaster would not have occurred if the pump where work was being done had been positively isolated. Isolation is not achieved by shutting a valve but requires means such as insertion of a slip plate or removal of a pipe section. Emergency shutdown valves and backup valves are essential to cutting off fuel supply in case of fire, so there must always be one at multiple point of the platform and also easily accessible. The temporary safety refuge (TSR) should have a breathable atmosphere and fire protection. Prevention of smoke ingress into TSR is available through smoke and gas detectors that initiate smoke dampers and prevent circulation of smoke throughout the TSR (Bull, 2004). More than one route to helicopters and lifeboats must be present at any given time to ensure evacuation of the platform in a crisis situation. To facilitate escape from a hazardous situation, luminescent strips and heat shielding provide visibility in smoke and protection from flames, respectively. Secondary escapes such as ropes, ladders, and nets are also available as backup for the more sophisticated escape methods. 6. 2 Human Resources Throughout the disaster there were too many informal communications. Communications between shift change was also lacking. A Permit-to-Work system was introduced, it is a system of paperwork designed to promote communications between all parties affected by the maintenance procedure done on the platform (Bull, 2004). Other than that, management systems in the company must highly qualify. Managers on Piper Alpha had minimal qualifications, which led to poor practices and ineffective audits, which should be avoided completely. To control such a system of high risk there should be someone who is highly qualified. Occidental Petroleum had regular safety audits of its facilities but they were not performed well. Few, if any, problems were ever brought up, even though there were serious issues with corrosion of deluge system pipes and heads and many other issues. When a major problem was found, it must be quickly attended. 6. 3 Safety and Health The workers on the platform were not adequately trained in emergency procedures, and management was not trained to make up the gap and provide good leadership during a crisis situation. Proper safety training should be given to all workers before working on any offshore platforms. Routine body check-up should also be carried out to ensure all workers on board are fit for duty at all time. In case of any accident, any offshore platform should always provide gas masks or smoke dampers installed in the platform to avoid toxic gas being inhaled by workers. To contain the oil spilled, facilities or standby ships must be ever ready to tackle any accident to minimize the damaged caused (Bull, 2004). 7. Conclusion The Piper Alpha disaster was clearly an accident of human errors. With a mixed of complacency and indifferent towards the needs for safety, there is no one to be blamed for that. It cost not only the company great losses but also the government and many innocent lives. On the other hand the accident caught enough attention to change a lot of regulations and attention towards safety at work, especially industry that involves dangerous working conditions such as oil and gas. Any other countries and companies started to have a strict enforcement on safety at work. Structures and designs of platform give more possible backup plans in case of accident. Nevertheless, the working attitude of a worker is the most important to ensure safety at any time, for it is the altitude depends on attitude, not aptitude. 8. List of References Bull, D. C. 2004, A critical review of post Piper-Alpha developments in explosion science for the Offshore Industry, HSE publications, Norwich. Centre Of RSK 2001, Piper Alpha Accident [Online]. URL: http://www. smd. mul. ac. uk/risk/yearone/casestudies/piper-alpha. html Drysdale, D. D. ; Slyvester-Evans, R. 1998, ‘The explosion and Fire on the Piper Alpha Platform, 6 July 1988’, A case study, Technical Note, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 2929-2951. Fire And Blast Information Group 2011, Piper Alpha [Online]. URL: http://www. fabig. com/Accidents/Piper+Alpha. htm Heaney, M. 2007, Lessons Learnt From The Piper Alpha Disaster [Online ]. URL: http://www. ecademy. com/node. php? id=80465 Learning from accidents, Kletz, T. , 3rd edition, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2001. Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control, ed. Mannan, S. , 3rd edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. Pate-Cornell, M. E. 1992, ‘A Post-mortem Analysis of Technical and Organizational Factors’, Learning From The Piper Alpha Accident, Technical Note, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 215-232. The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster, Cullen, The Honourable Lord, HM Stationery Office, 1990. Wikipedia 2011, Piper Alpha [Online]. URL: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Piper_Alpha